why the carbon atom can form 1,2 and 3 bonds??

the carbon atom bonded neighbors can occur 3 possibility : 
1. carbon atoms form a single bond
     this happens in the orbital S and called a sigma bond hybrid orbitals SP3 and tetrahedron-shaped   molecule with an angle of 109.5 degrees. This compound is called saturated hydrocarbons 
2. carbon atoms form a double bond
    occurred in the orbital P and is called a pi bond. angle changes due to two orbital P orbitals SP2 parallel to form an angle of 120 degrees
3. carbon atoms form a triple bond
     there are 2 orbitals of P in parallel so as to change the orbital position of the SP to form an angle of 180 degrees planar

carbon atom has four valence electrons with the atomic radius of the price of the smallest in the group IVA. it is easier for the carbon atoms form covalent bonds with other atoms, especially H, O, N, and halogen atoms (F, Cl, Br, I). covalent bonds are formed to meet the octet rule of covalent bonds with a maximum of 4. covalent bond is so strong that the carbon atom is stable. even this carbon atom electronegativity value 2.5 so that it can bind atoms with electronegativity greater or smaller. carbon atom also has the oxidation state ranging from -2 to +4. therefore the carbon atoms were classified as unique.     

PETROLEUM

Petroleum is a mixture of various hydrocarbons, the type most commonly found molecules are alkanes (both straight-chain or branched), cycloalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, or compounds such as aspaltena complex. Each petroleum has a unique molecular Earth respectively, are known from the physical and chemical characteristics, color, and viscosity. Petroleum is usually appointed to Earth in the form petroleum-water emulsion, and used a special chemical compound called demulsifier to separate water and oil.

Petroleum consists of a complex mixture of different hydrocarbons, the majority of the alkane series, but vary in appearance, composition, and purity. Oil extracted from oil wells in the oil mines.

Petroleum will be processed in oil refineries and the results are split by the boiling point to produce a wide range of fuels, from gasoline and kerosene to asphalt and other chemical reagents needed to make plastics and pharmaceuticals. Petroleum is used to produce a wide variety of goods and material human needs.

The process of formation of petroleum

Petroleum and natural gas thought to have come from the ocean microorganisms, plants and animals that died about 150 million years ago. The assumption is based on the similarity of the elements contained in these materials with elements found in living things. The remains of organisms that settle on the sea floor, then covered with mud which gradually hardens as a layer above the pressure that turned into rock. Meanwhile, anaerobic bacteria decompose the remains of organisms that an oil and gas trapped between the layers of the earth's crust. The process of the formation of oil and gas it takes a very long time.

The composition of petroleum

Petroleum is still a result of crude oil (crude oil) is thick and black. Crude oil consists of a mixture of hydrocarbons that  alkanes
     Alkane compounds most commonly found is the n-octane and isooctane (2,2,4-trimethyl pentane)
     AromatisDiantaranya hydrocarbons is the ethyl benzene
     Among other cycloalkanes ethyl cyclopentane and cyclohexane
     Sulfur (0.01 to 0.7%)
     Nitrogen (0.01 to 0.9%)
     Oxygen (from 0.06 to 0.4%)
     Carbon dioxide [CO2]
     Hydrogen sulfide [H2S]

The percentage of light hydrocarbons in crude oil varies depending on the oil fields, the maximum content can be up to 97% of the gross weight and the minimum is 50%.

Types of hydrocarbons contained in the Earth's oil consists mainly of alkanes, cycloalkanes, and a variety of aromatic hydrocarbons, coupled with some other minor elements such as nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, plus some types of metals such as iron, nickel, copper, and vanadium . The number of molecular composition vary greatly from one oil to another oil but the percentage proportion of the chemical elements can be seen below

Petroleum is mainly used to produce gasoline and fuel oil, both of which are sources of "primary energy" main. 84% of the volume of hydrocarbons contained in the Earth's oil is converted into fuel, which includes gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, and LPG. Petroleum level lighter petroleum will produce the best quality, but because of light and medium oil reserves are getting a little, then places the present oil processing to further improve the processing of heavy oil and bitumen, followed by methods of an increasingly complex and expensive to producing oil. Due to heavy oil level tyang Earth contains carbon and hydrogen too much too little, then the process is typically used to reduce carbon or add hydrogen to the molecule. To change a long and complex molecules into smaller molecules and simple, fluid catalytic cracking process used.

Other derivative products
Some of refined hydrocarbon products can be mixed with non-hydrocarbon compounds to form other compounds:
     1.   Alkenes (olefins), can be manufactured into plastics or other compounds.
     2. Lubricants (engine oil and grease).
     3.Wax, used in the packaging of frozen foods.
     4.Sulfur or sulfuric acid. Is an important compound in the industry.
     5.Tar.
     6.Asphalt.
     7.Earth petroleum coke, is used as a solid fuel.
     8.Paraffin wax.
     9.Petrochemical aromatic, used as a blend in the production of other chemicals.

why ethylene can make a fast fruit ripe?

Ethylene is unsaturated hydrocarbon (C2H4) is a gas at room temperature..

Ethylene is a growth hormone that is produced from normal metabolism in plants. Role of ethylene in fruit ripening and leaf loss. Ethylene is also called ethene. Ethylene compounds in plants are found in the gas phase, Ethylene produced by higher plants from the essential amino acid methionine in all plant tissues. Production of ethylene depends on the type of tissue, plant species, and the degree of development of the fruit ripening, ethylene working to solve the chlorophyll in young fruit, so the fruit has only xantofil and carotene. Thus, the color becomes orange or red fruit

 Characteristics of Ethylene
a. Ethylene is a growth hormone that is produced from normal metabolism in plants.
b. colorless and volatile.
c. Ethylene has a fairly simple structure (C2H4) and is produced in higher plants gaseous,
d. ethylene is an organic compound.

This hormone plays a role in fruit ripening phase klimaterik. Klimaterik also be interpreted as a state of "auto-stimulation" in the fruit so that the fruit becomes ripe, accompanied by an increase in the respiratory process. klimaterik is a period of sudden unique to certain fruit which took place during the manufacture of ethylene along with the start of the ripening of fruit, the fruit showed a sudden increase in CO2 during the ripening of the fruit, so the fruit is called klimaterik.
Fruit maturation process includes two processes, namely:
1. Ethylene affects the permeability of the membrane so that the permeability becomes greater
2. Protein content has increased due to ethylene stimulates protein synthesis. Proteins are formed involved in ripening fruit as it increases the enzymes that cause respiratory climacteric